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Dissertação de Mestrado em Relações Internacionais na especialização de Segurança e Informações
Covert actions have been, throughout history, a chapter non-discussed of the work of the intelligence services; partly because the results tend to attract a moral component that is not always accepted (positively) by public opinion. In several moments policymakers have felt the need to intervene in the internal affairs of another State, without having the possibility (or interest) to do so openly. Whether through paramilitary, political, economic or propaganda operations; convert actions have been the answer to this need. These are an important State tool by enabling to act without risk of sanctions or to escalate hostilities (as would happen if it was known the identity of the instigator/sponsor behind the operation). Through the analysis of two case studies of covert actions (in both, coups d’État, one of the most extreme forms of ...
Dissertação de Doutoramento em Ciências Sociais na especialidade de Relações Internacionais